NPI-1 — individual
A 10-digit ID for a single provider (a specific doctor, NP, PA…).
NPI-2 — organization
A 10-digit ID for a clinic, hospital, or medical group.
TIN / EIN — tax / billing ID
The IRS tax number. The actual contract with insurance is signed under this ID.
Insurance — carrier · plan
BCBSM, Aetna, Cigna… each with sub-plans (PPO, HMO, etc.) and networks.